/* accessibility-first reset */
    * {
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      box-sizing: border-box;
      font-family: 'Segoe UI', Roboto, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
    }

    /* focus styles for keyboard navigation */
    :focus {
      outline: 3px solid #ffd700 !important;
      outline-offset: 2px !important;
      box-shadow: 0 0 0 3px rgba(255, 191, 71, 0.5) !important;
    }

    body {
      background-color: #f8fafc;
      color: #1e293b;
      /* dark gray, 10.5:1 contrast on white */
      line-height: 1.6;
    }

    /* improved contrast throughout */
    .top-bar {
      background: linear-gradient(135deg, #7742a3, #3e1c3a);
      color: #ffd700;
      padding: 0.8rem 2rem;
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: space-between;
      border-bottom: 4px solid #3e1c3a;
    }

    .lab-name {
      font-weight: 600;
      font-size: 1.4rem;
      letter-spacing: 0.5px;
    }

    .lab-name small {
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      font-weight: 300;
      opacity: 0.95;
      /* increased for contrast */
      display: block;
    }

    /* navigation with better contrast */
    .nav-tabs {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 0.2rem;
      margin-top: 0.5rem;
    }

    .tab-link {
      background: none;
      border: none;
      color: #ffffff;
      font-size: 1.1rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      padding: 0.6rem 1.2rem;
      border-radius: 30px 30px 0 0;
      cursor: pointer;
      transition: 0.2s;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 8px;
    }

    .tab-link i {
      font-size: 1rem;
    }

    .tab-link:hover {
      background-color: #1e5a7a;
      color: white;
      text-decoration: underline;
    }

    .tab-link.active {
      background-color: #f8fafc;
      color: #0a2f4a;
      /* darker blue */
      font-weight: 600;
      border-bottom: 3px solid #b31b1b;
    }

    /* main content */
    .container {
      max-width: 1200px;
      margin: 2rem auto;
      padding: 0 2rem;
    }

    .page {
      display: none;
      background: white;
      border-radius: 24px;
      box-shadow: 0 8px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);
      padding: 2.5rem;
      border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
    }

    .page.active-page {
      display: block;
    }

    /* improved heading hierarchy */
    h1 {
      font-size: 2.0rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #0a2f4a;
      /* darker blue */
      border-left: 6px solid #3e1c3a;
      padding-left: 1.2rem;
      margin-bottom: 2rem;
    }

    h2 {
      font-size: 1.8rem;
      font-weight: 500;
      color: #0a2f4a;
      margin: 1.5rem 0 1rem 0;
    }

    h3 {
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #0f2c40;
      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    }

    /* publication items */
    /* Enhanced publication styles */
    .pub-item.enhanced {
      padding: 1.8rem;
      margin-bottom: 2rem;
      border: 2px solid #e2e8f0;
      border-radius: 24px;
      background: white;
    }

    .pub-title {
      font-size: 1.3rem;
      /* Current size - change this value */
      /* other styles */
    }

    .pub-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: 200px 1fr;
      gap: 2rem;
      align-items: start;
    }

    @media (max-width: 768px) {
      .pub-grid {
        grid-template-columns: 1fr;
        gap: 1.5rem;
      }
    }

    .pub-image img {
      width: 100%;
      height: auto;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border: 2px solid #cbd5e1;
      box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1);
    }

    .pub-content {
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      gap: 1rem;
    }

    .pub-doi {
      font-family: monospace;
      font-size: 0.9rem;
      color: #2c3e50;
    }

    .pub-abstract {
      background: #f8fafc;
      padding: 1.2rem;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border-left: 4px solid #b31b1b;
      margin: 0.5rem 0;
      font-size: 0.95rem;
      line-height: 1.6;
      color: #1e293b;
    }

    .pub-links {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 1.2rem;
      margin-top: 0.5rem;
      padding-top: 0.5rem;
      border-top: 1px dashed #cbd5e1;
    }

    .pub-link {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.5rem;
      padding: 0.5rem 1rem;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border-radius: 40px;
      color: #0a2f4a;
      text-decoration: none;
      font-weight: 500;
      font-size: 0.95rem;
      transition: all 0.2s;
      border: 1px solid transparent;
    }

    .pub-link:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      border-color: #b31b1b;
      text-decoration: none;
    }

    .pub-link:focus {
      outline: 3px solid #ffbf47;
      outline-offset: 2px;
    }

    .pub-link i {
      font-size: 1.1rem;
      color: #b31b1b;
    }

    .pub-footer {
      margin-top: 2rem;
      font-style: italic;
      color: #2c3e50;
    }

    /* Abstract toggle styles */
    .abstract-container {
      margin: 0.5rem 0;
    }

    .abstract-toggle {
      display: inline-flex;
      align-items: center;
      gap: 0.5rem;
      background: none;
      border: none;
      color: #0a2f4a;
      font-size: 0.95rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      padding: 0.5rem 0.75rem;
      border-radius: 30px;
      cursor: pointer;
      background: #f1f5f9;
      border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;
      transition: all 0.2s;
    }

    .abstract-toggle:hover {
      background: #e2e8f0;
      border-color: #b31b1b;
    }

    .abstract-toggle:focus {
      outline: 3px solid #ffbf47;
      outline-offset: 2px;
    }

    .abstract-toggle[aria-expanded="true"] .toggle-icon {
      transform: rotate(180deg);
    }

    .toggle-icon {
      transition: transform 0.3s ease;
    }

    .pub-abstract {
      background: #f8fafc;
      padding: 1.2rem;
      border-radius: 16px;
      border-left: 4px solid #b31b1b;
      margin-top: 1rem;
      font-size: 0.95rem;
      line-height: 1.6;
      color: #1e293b;
      animation: slideDown 0.3s ease;
    }

    @keyframes slideDown {
      from {
        opacity: 0;
        transform: translateY(-10px);
      }

      to {
        opacity: 1;
        transform: translateY(0);
      }
    }

    /* When abstract is hidden */
    .pub-abstract[hidden] {
      display: none;
    }

    /* member cards with better contrast */
    .member-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr));
      gap: 2rem;
      margin-top: 1.5rem;
    }

    .member-card {
      background: #f1f6fa;
      border-radius: 32px;
      padding: 1.8rem 1.2rem 1.2rem 1.2rem;
      text-align: center;
      border: 2px solid #cbd5e1;
      /* added border for definition */
    }

    .member-name {
      font-size: 1.5rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      margin: 1rem 0 0.2rem;
      color: #0a2f4a;
    }

    .member-role {
      color: #8b0000;
      /* darker red */
      font-weight: 600;
      margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
    }

    /* Members section styling */
.members-category {
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.category-title {
  font-size: 1.8rem;
  color: #0a2f4a;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #b31b1b;
  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.alumni-subcategory {
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.subcategory-title {
  font-size: 1.4rem;
  color: #2c3e50;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
}

.alumni-list {
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-left: 0;
}

.alumni-list li {
  padding: 0.5rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.alumni-list li:last-child {
  border-bottom: none;
}

.alumni-list strong {
  color: #0a2f4a;
  font-weight: 600;
}

/* Member grid adjustments */
/* Members section styling */
.members-category {
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.category-title {
  font-size: 1.8rem;
  color: #0a2f4a;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #b31b1b;
  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.alumni-subcategory {
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.subcategory-title {
  font-size: 1.4rem;
  color: #2c3e50;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
}

.alumni-list {
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-left: 0;
}

.alumni-list li {
  padding: 0.5rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

.alumni-list li:last-child {
  border-bottom: none;
}

.alumni-list strong {
  color: #0a2f4a;
  font-weight: 600;
}

/* Member grid and image styling */
.member-grid {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(240px, 1fr));
  gap: 2rem;
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.member-card {
  background: #f1f6fa;
  border-radius: 32px;
  padding: 2rem 1.2rem 1.5rem 1.2rem;
  text-align: center;
  border: 2px solid #cbd5e1;
  transition: transform 0.2s, box-shadow 0.2s;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  align-items: center;
}

.member-card:hover {
  transform: translateY(-4px);
  box-shadow: 0 10px 20px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
}

.member-card.pi-card {
  border-left: 4px solid #b31b1b;
  background: #f0f7ff;
}

/* Image container and styling */
.member-image {
  width: 120px;
  height: 120px;
  margin-bottom: 1.2rem;
  border-radius: 50%;
  overflow: hidden;
  border: 3px solid white;
  box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  background: #e2e8f0; /* fallback color */
}

.member-image img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
  filter: grayscale(100%);
  transition: filter 0.3s ease;
}

.member-card:hover .member-image img {
  filter: grayscale(0%); /* Color on hover */
}

/* Fallback for missing images */
.member-image img[src=""] {
  opacity: 0;
}

.member-image img:not([src]), 
.member-image img[src=""] {
  display: none;
}

.member-image:has(img:not([src])), 
.member-image:has(img[src=""]) {
  background: #cbd5e1;
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
}

.member-image:has(img:not([src]))::after, 
.member-image:has(img[src=""])::after {
  content: "📷";
  font-size: 2rem;
  color: #64748b;
}

.member-name {
  font-size: 1.3rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin: 0.5rem 0 0.2rem;
}

.member-name a {
  color: #0a2f4a;
  text-decoration: none;
}

.member-name a:hover {
  color: #b31b1b;
  text-decoration: underline;
}

.member-role {
  color: #b31b1b;
  font-weight: 600;
  margin-bottom: 0.5rem;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  letter-spacing: 0.5px;
}

.member-desc {
  color: #2c3e50;
  font-size: 0.95rem;
  line-height: 1.4;
}

/* Join lab section */
.join-lab {
  margin-top: 3rem;
}

.join-lab hr {
  border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.join-lab p {
  font-size: 1.1rem;
  text-align: center;
  color: #2c3e50;
}

.join-lab a {
  color: #b31b1b;
  font-weight: 600;
  text-decoration: underline;
  text-underline-offset: 3px;
}

.join-lab a:hover {
  color: #0a2f4a;
}

/* Alumni list with images */
/* Alumni section styling */
.members-category {
  margin-bottom: 3rem;
}

.category-title {
  font-size: 1.8rem;
  color: #0a2f4a;
  border-bottom: 2px solid #b31b1b;
  padding-bottom: 0.5rem;
  margin-bottom: 1.5rem;
}

.alumni-subcategory {
  margin-bottom: 2rem;
}

.subcategory-title {
  font-size: 1.4rem;
  color: #2c3e50;
  margin-bottom: 1rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  padding-left: 0.5rem;
}

/* Alumni list styling */
.alumni-list {
  list-style-type: none;
  padding-left: 0;
  margin: 0;
}

.alumni-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start; /* Align to top instead of center */
  gap: 1rem;
  padding: 0.75rem 1rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  transition: background-color 0.2s;
}

.alumni-item:hover {
  background-color: #f8fafc;
}

.alumni-item:last-child {
  border-bottom: none;
}

/* Alumni image styling - left aligned */
.alumni-image {
  width: 60px;
  height: 60px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  overflow: hidden;
  flex-shrink: 0;
  border: 2px solid white;
  box-shadow: 0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
  background: #e2e8f0;
}

.alumni-image img {
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center;
  filter: grayscale(100%);
  transition: filter 0.3s ease;
}

.alumni-item:hover .alumni-image img {
  filter: grayscale(0%);
}

/* Fallback for missing images */
.alumni-image img[src=""],
.alumni-image img:not([src]) {
  display: none;
}

.alumni-image:has(img[src=""]),
.alumni-image:has(img:not([src])) {
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  justify-content: center;
  background: #cbd5e1;
  color: #64748b;
  font-size: 1.5rem;
}

.alumni-image:has(img[src=""])::after,
.alumni-image:has(img:not([src]))::after {
  content: "👤";
}

/* Alumni info - name immediately after image */
.alumni-info {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;  /* Stack name above details */
  align-items: flex-start; /* Align to the left */
  gap: 0.25rem;            /* Small gap between name and details */
  flex: 1;
}
.alumni-name {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #0a2f4a;
  line-height: 1.3;
}

.alumni-details {
  color: #2c3e50;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.5;
}

/* Responsive adjustments */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .alumni-item {
  display: flex;
  align-items: flex-start; /* Align to top instead of center */
  gap: 1rem;
  padding: 0.75rem 1rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;
  transition: background-color 0.2s;
}
  
  .alumni-image {
    width: 50px;
    height: 50px;
  }
  
  .alumni-info {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;  /* Stack name above details */
  align-items: flex-start; /* Align to the left */
  gap: 0.25rem;            /* Small gap between name and details */
  flex: 1;
}
  
  .alumni-name {
  font-size: 1.2rem;
  font-weight: 600;
  color: #0a2f4a;
  line-height: 1.3;
}
  
  .subcategory-title {
    font-size: 1.2rem;
  }
}



/* Responsive adjustments */
@media (max-width: 768px) {
  .member-grid {
    grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(200px, 1fr));
    gap: 1rem;
  }
  
  .member-image {
    width: 100px;
    height: 100px;
  }
  
  .category-title {
    font-size: 1.5rem;
  }
  
  .subcategory-title {
    font-size: 1.2rem;
  }
}

    /* projects grid */
    .project-grid {
      display: grid;
      grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));
      gap: 1.8rem;
    }

    .project-card {
      background: #f9fcff;
      border: 2px solid #94a3b8;
      /* darker border */
      border-radius: 28px;
      padding: 1.8rem;
    }

    .project-tag {
      display: inline-block;
      background: #0a2f4a;
      color: white;
      padding: 0.2rem 1rem;
      border-radius: 30px;
      font-size: 0.8rem;
      margin-top: 1rem;
    }

    /* blog posts */
    .blog-title {
      font-size: 1.5rem;
      font-weight: 600;
      color: #003057;
    }

    .blog-title a {
      color: #003057;
      text-decoration: underline;
      text-decoration-color: #b31b1b;
      text-underline-offset: 4px;
    }

    .blog-title a:hover {
      color: #b31b1b;
    }

    .blog-meta {
      color: #2c3e50;
      /* darker for contrast */
      margin: 0.4rem 0 0.8rem;
    }

    /* contact section with better contrast */
    .contact-info {
      display: flex;
      flex-wrap: wrap;
      gap: 2.5rem;
      background: #eef4f9;
      border-radius: 40px;
      padding: 2rem;
      margin-top: 1.5rem;
      border: 2px solid #94a3b8;
    }

    .contact-details p {
      margin: 1.2rem 0;
      font-size: 1.15rem;
    }

    .contact-details i {
      width: 32px;
      color: #8b0000;
      /* darker red */
    }

    .contact-details a {
      color: #0a2f4a;
      text-decoration: underline;
      text-underline-offset: 3px;
    }

    .contact-details a:hover {
      color: #b31b1b;
    }

    .map-placeholder {
      flex: 1;
      background: #cbd5e1;
      border-radius: 28px;
      display: flex;
      align-items: center;
      justify-content: center;
      padding: 2rem;
      color: #1e293b;
      font-weight: 500;
      border: 2px solid #8b0000;
    }

    footer {
      text-align: center;
      margin: 3rem 0 1.5rem;
      color: #2c3e50;
      /* darker */
    }

    /* responsive adjustments */
    @media (max-width: 768px) {
      .top-bar {
        flex-direction: column;
        align-items: flex-start;
      }

      .nav-tabs {
        width: 100%;
        justify-content: center;
      }

      .container {
        padding: 0 1rem;
      }

      .page {
        padding: 1.5rem;
      }
    }

    /* high contrast mode support */
    @media (prefers-contrast: high) {
      .top-bar {
        background-color: black;
        border-bottom: 4px solid white;
      }

      .tab-link.active {
        background-color: white;
        color: black;
        border: 2px solid black;
      }

      .member-card,
      .project-card,
      .contact-info {
        border: 2px solid black;
      }
    }

    /* reduced motion preferences */
    @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
      * {
        animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
        animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
        transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
      }
    }